Can You Cut the Top Off of a Madagascar Palm to Propagate Multiple Growth? maybe the new name should be "plumbers palm". Always remove dead fronds and old fruit stems. Sometimes splits can be very disconcerting, but they're usually nothing to worry about. Exposure of shade-grown foliage to high light intensities can injure leaves. Tattered foliage can easily be attributed to wind damage, while palms that snap off at or above the soil line may also have structural damage caused by boring insects, woodpeckers, or trunk rotting diseases such as Ganoderma butt rot or Thielaviopsis trunk rot. As symptoms progress, tips of leaves will appear withered, burnt, and frizzled. This frequently occurs most often in areas that. The bottom of your planting site should have four inches of sand and the rest of the site should have a mixture of sand and soil. individual palm stems die upon maturing and fruiting. An example of a well-balanced palm fertilizer is PalmGain 8-2-12-4 Plus Minors polymer-coated, sulfur-coated slow-release fertilizer with magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, sulfur, and iron. Palms suffering from B toxicity can be treated by leaching the soil heavily. As the iron deficiency becomes more severe, new leaves will show extensive tip necrosis, and there will be a reduction in leaf size. If palm fruits are used for food purposes, copper fungicides are the only approved fungicides. When you are splitting a sago palm pup from a mature plant, first figure out where the pup attaches to the parent plant. As with potassium deficiency, leaves with a magnesium deficiency will not recover and must be replaced by new healthy foliage. Even the common King Palm can unleash a twenty pound frond now and then that can at least give on a respectable bruise. Other essential nutrients such as boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are occasionally found to be deficient if they are not present in the fertilizers applied, but these deficiencies are not very common in the landscape. Once infection occurs, plant recovery is unlikely. This makes it more susceptible to toppling over in heavy winds. This erosion of the softer cortical tissue from the outside of the trunk is considered normal for older specimens of some species. This depends on where you envision planting it, because some even thrive well under other vegetation, while others require maximum sunlight. You can prevent your tree from sunscald by planting it in areas shaded by large structures in late afternoons. Nutrient deficiencies can be caused by insufficient nutrients in the soil, a nutrient imbalance, poor soil aeration, a high soil pH, and an excessive planting depth. GET 0% OFF NOW Palm species native to dry climates are usually more drought tolerant than those from tropical rain forests that lack a distinct dry season. It's also a good idea to provide the palm with support that prevents its movement, allowing new roots to grow undisturbed. The root rot diseases that often result are secondary problems. By submitting this form, you agree to receive recurring automated promotional and personalized marketing text messages (e.g. Even if you cut all of the trunks on a clustering palm back to the ground, suckering shoots from the roots will arise and grow, eventually developing into tall and healthy new trunks. Take all the necessary measures and provide all the needed nutrients to ensure it doesnt lack. Subsequent leaves will appear normal. The process to treat this condition is similar to treating sunscald. Preventative fungicides containing copper can be used on plants exposed to the disease (see Table 1 for specific products). Avoid using water high in B or excessive rates of high B fertilizers. I have a few palms here with enormous, deep cracks in them. Roots will often have necrotic tips or more extensive necrosis due to secondary root rots. Two different causes Ive seen: one is when a sprinkler directly hits a palms trunk it causes multiple fissure like cracks. They are particulary comon where a palm is grown in a more spartan environment, i.e., one in which the palm has limited access to resources, particularly where a palm is kept in a pot long after it should have been planted in the ground. Ensure that by the time you are pruning, there is no green left on the front. How Much Does It Cost to Cut Down a Tree? Use the bungee cord to secure the boards in place. I have two palms that exhibit this cracking in the trunks. both are Archontophoenix. For proper palm tree growth, ensure you provide the right light requirements, moisture requirements, and nutrients. Consent is not a condition of any purchase. Deeply planted palms should be dug up and replanted at the proper depth. Powered by Invision Community, Copyright 2022 - International Palm Society. Potassium (K) Deficiency: Potassium deficiency is perhaps the most widespread and serious of all disorders of palms in coastal South Carolina. Manganese tends to leach more rapidly from sandy soils. If strong onshore winds persist, foliage of sensitive palms should be rinsed with fresh water soon after these conditions subside. Cutting off the growing tip (crownshaft) of a single-trunked palm species effectively kills the tree entirely. Once you have decided whether your palm tree will grow indoors or outdoors, provide the right soil type and ensure there is good lighting. Waterlogged soils also reduce soil aeration with similar effects on palm roots. In most cases the central cylinder, which contains fibers and vascular tissue, remains intact due to the high concentration of sclerified fibers. Cat Palm. There are many ways to find a good local tree serviceat affordable prices, but the easiest way by far is to use THIS free service. Display as a link instead, 4. Please advice and give me some data in order for me to try and save these trees. If there is retarded growth or fast growth, ensure you take the necessary measures. Visual symptoms plus soil soluble salts analysis are needed to diagnose this disorder. Anywho, the splits won't hurt the plant. Place the offsets in the shade to harden off for a week. Most liquid preemergent herbicides will last about 2 months, whereas most granular formulations will last 6 months and should not be reapplied more frequently. Postemergent herbicides such as glyphosate, gluphosinate-ammonium, paraquat, and diquat can safely be applied as directed sprays around the trunks of mature palms. Grow only palms that are adapted to your climate. Boron toxicity is rare in areas that have high rainfall, but can occur in drier climates (e.g., central California). Bring the tropics home with you by planting and learning how to care for a King Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae, USDA zones 10-11). You should only water it to the appropriate level, not too much or too little. may appear to have a two-tiered canopy (Figure 16). If the soil pH is low, adjust using dolomitic limestone based on soil test results. Washingtonia robusta and Syagrus romanzoffiana appear to be the most susceptible species to trunk snapping or crown toppling. There is a little split starting about 4 feet up though. Large necrotic areas are visible on the upper surfaces of leaves, usually in the center of leaves or leaflets, rather than on the leaf tips or margins (Figure 30). Same here. Msg frequency varies. Palm Professionals 736 subscribers 17K views 3 years ago HOUSTON Why palm tree roots are exposed and trunk is splitting at. This is done by drilling 3 or more holes right through the split section of the trunk, then inserting blots through it. A Southeast Asian native, it has deeply divided, shiny green leaves and does especially well in a partially shaded spot. Foliage Digest 17(9):6. Cutting those roots free from the main root ball requires the use of shears or a. If your large tree splits, you can use bolts and a rod to reconnect the trunk and save it. Petioles of individual leaves anywhere within the canopy may snap and hang down (Figure 34). Deep planting is easily diagnosed by symptoms plus digging down into the soil to determine the depth of the root ball. In most cases, leaf spots will not kill the tree, and fungicides are usually not necessary. The soil should also be well-drained because of its shallow roots that need plenty of air and dont prefer waterlogged soil. It is possible to save a split tree trunk if the split is not extensive. One of the most common causes of vertical splits in tree trunks is frost cracks, which often result from alternating cold and warm temperatures. These should then be left on until the palm grows several new leaves to replace them. If you overwater, the palm fronds can easily turn yellow or brown. If your King Palm is outdoors, water enough so that small pools form on the surface of the soil. Treat these righted palms as though they were recent transplants. Peeling tree bark is sometimes due to environmental factors. Larcher, W. and A. I live in a close community in Ecuador, there are 7 giant Royal Palm trees growing tall, over 80 feet, they are green, beautiful, majestic and planted on a common park area, away from nearby homes, now, the administration has observed some vertical cracks in them, no more than an inch wide, and the president of the association has decided to cut them down, citing concern about their structural integrity. Who's responsible for trees on power lines? And, in case you live in a colder climate, the King Palm is hardy: It can withstand cold as low as 28 degrees Fahrenheit. Water your palm three times a week during summer. The rate of iron sulfate to use for foliar application is teaspoon per gallon of water. Msg and data rates may apply. My Cattelya granulosa orchid appreciates the cracks as it provides a little added protection for it's roots. Upload or insert images from URL. Broschat, T.K. One of mine has had big splits for at least 7 years with no ill effects. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Nitrogen deficiency symptomsPhotos by Tim Broschat, University of Florida. When you sign up for texts. Does Cutting Off Dead Branches Help the Tree? Although leaf analysis can be used to test for suspected herbicides in the foliage, it is slow, expensive, and can only test for a single herbicide at a time. The next leaf produced on the side shoot is usually normal in appearance, but may occasionally show some crumpling. What Do Tree Services Do With Their Wood Chips. How To Solve This Some herbicides contain glyphosate products that may cause your trees bark to split. This allows trees to heal better and faster. Planting of palm seedlings in containers as little as 1 inch too deep can result in chronic Fe deficiency symptoms and reduced growth rate. New foliage may express typical Fe deficiency symptoms or wilting due to reduced root surface area for nutrient and water absorption (Figure 18). Poorly aerated soil causing root suffocation in, Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in Florida, UF/IFAS Electronic Data Information System, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. It is, however, critical to contact an arborist to get the best advice depending on the extent of the damage. Palms planted too shallowly typically have their trunks elevated above the soil line and are often supported by only a few roots, while hundreds of new adventitious root initials remain in a state of arrested development at the base of the trunk due to desiccation. The accuracy or reliability of the data is not guaranteed or warranted in any way and I disclaim liability of any kind whatsoever, including, without limitation, liability for quality, performance, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose arising out of the use, or inability to use my data. Death of the meristem or bud may follow. For example, the European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) forms a clump that can become 15 feet tall outdoors and features triangular, fan-shaped leaves. If the tree trunk is not entirely split and fallen, it should possible to repair it. Timothy K. Broschat and Monica L. Elliott. Do not allow any herbicide to contact palm foliage. Do not plant wind-susceptible palms such as Carpentaria acuminata or Pigafetta filaris in areas that regularly receive strong winds. However, if you cant do anything, ensure you plant your palm tree behind a windbreak or a sheltered place. These root initials can resume growth at any time if their environment becomes moist enough to support their growth. Gardeners Yards is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. However, you need to properly care for it to ensure it becomes normal again. Temperatures of 50F or lower can injure some tropical palms (Figure 6), while some temperate species can withstand subfreezing temperatures with no injury. This is done by drilling holes through the trunk to install strong threaded stainless steel rods to support the trunk. If the plant is not used to extremely high temperatures, it can also form cracks on its trunk. Aerial root initials extending up the base of old palm trunks will resume normal development if buried, but no root will ever develop from the trunk above this zone of active root initiation. Csb Koeppen Climate classification. Leaves of wind susceptible species appear tattered, often with only leaflet midveins remaining (Figure 33). Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera., Hyophorbe spp., Thrinax spp., Coccothrinax spp., Allagoptera arenaria, and Serenoa repens are highly tolerant of high soil soluble salts. Low salt fertilizers should be used and only at recommended rates. Nitrogen (N) Deficiency: Nitrogen deficiency is not a major problem in landscape palms unless soils are nitrogen-poor. This deficiency is much less often caused by a lack of iron in the soil or by high pH soils. Sun Scald most often occurs on the south to southwest side of tree trunks on young trees with thin bark. Fungicides are usually not necessary but can be applied as a preventative treatment during the spring. Early symptoms of manganese deficiency are interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between the veins) accompanied by interveinal necrotic streaking on the newest leaves. Older leaflets of affected palms have light tan necrotic tips, the necrosis gradually spreading up the leaflets (Figure 1). Acta Hortic. Do Roaches Come Back After Extermination? It's in a heavy, mostly clay soil area. Apply a specialized palm fertilizerone high in nitrogen and potassium with half as much magnesium as potassiumfollowing label rates and directions. Pygmy Date Palm. I was told that rapid growth is the cause, they get a spurt on due to something and grow too quickly and split. Powered by Invision Community, Copyright 2022 - International Palm Society. Reply HELP for help and STOP to cancel. One of my king palms got about 5 big splits down at the base. If your tree is suffering from sunscald, let it heal on its own. Symptoms may include those of water stress such as wilting. This will help to increase its support capacity. Figure 8. Once symptoms of a deficiency are evident, it can take six months or more for a palm to recover. It is fattening up since it's early days of being neglected in a split 15 gallon plastic pot. How Do I Get Rid Of Bedbugs From a Mattress. Leaflets will usually have areas of necrosis (dead tissue) along their margins and tips. All I can speak to is what Ive seen in my yard. These white, elongated, slightly-raised "objects" are all longitudinally oriented along the axis of the rachis and leaflets of relatively young leaves in this species. This type of palm makes an elegant addition to your tropical garden. Broken but still green individual leaves may be removed unless they are the only foliage remaining after a severe storm. Scroll up to the top of the page and enter your ZIP Code in the blue form at the top of the page. Remove weeds regularly. 1968. After fruiting, the palm diesoften much to the surprise of the palm owner. By so doing, you will enable the tree to transport the necessary nutrients and continue growing properly. Flared "bark" caused by development of root initials underneath. But the 2nd one (on an "AlBang" - Bangalow/Alex cross) happened after our February heatwave, and hopefully the picture shows the effect is much more dramatic that just cracking in the trunk. . Timothy K. Broschat, professor emeritus, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314. It is difficult to differentiate among the leaf-spotting fungi by visual symptoms alone. Some trees may survive while others may not, depending on the extent of the crack and the trees general health. Why palm tree roots are exposed and trunk is splitting at the base. Sci. You can post now and register later. Like and follow our page for more free info and tips about palm trees!http://palmprofessi. Yes, a split tree can grow back together if the damage is not extensive and if you act fast. Ditto on the splits. For more information, see HGIC 1650, Changing the pH of Your Soil. Select a fungicide containing copper (see Table 1 for specific products). Sterilize your pruning tools. If the resources are minimal, ensure you provide the right nutrients to your plants. If palms are used for food purposes, copper fungicides are the only approved fungicides. More frequent waterings. Yes, a broken tree trunk can be repaired. I've got a big Alexandrae that was a garbage can special, and it CRACKED at the base of the trunk, enough room for a new [expletive] continent, dang, ugly, but the crown rocks, the trunk (except for crack)will be glorious and the moral fo the story is to look skyward! Palms stressed by cold temperatures are very susceptible to secondary bud rot (Figure 5) and may later show signs of micronutrient deficiencies, such as Mn, due to lower root activity at cooler temperatures (Figure 6). Prevention & Treatment: Potassium deficiency can be prevented and/or treated with applications of sulfur-coated (slow-release) potassium sulfate, but slow-release magnesium should also be applied simultaneously to prevent a potassium to magnesium imbalance. Leaves held in a horizontal position are more likely to exhibit sunburn damage than those with a more vertical orientation. Other symptoms are sharp bends in the trunk with horizontal growth and bud necrosis or death. Spending a lot of time in Manila, Philippines 15 Deg N. This is what Ive heard. I too have one with the cracks, I assume it is into the ground water because I dont water it at all. Preemergent herbicides should be used with great caution around palms.Products such as metolachlor are invariably toxic to palms, but most other products are unpredictable in their effects and may be safe one time, but highly damaging at another. There is a little split starting about 4 feet up though. If you hear cracking sounds, reduce the tightening. If your palm tree grows too fast, it can cause cracks in your palm tree trunk. Palm fertilizers are available at most garden stores. If the area tends to have unexpectedly low temperatures time and again, the trees may crack and get damaged. Just north of Cairns, Australia.16 Deg S. in more humid tropical areas. The second explanation is that those leaf bases that may remain on a sabal palm are manually cut off by the installer prior to transplanting into the landscape, making the trunk appear smooth. Only those roots already in the soil at the time of transplanting will ever support the palm and these are usually insufficient to support the weight of a large mature palm. It might not look all that nice but it doesnt seem to harm them in any way. When providing light or direct sunlight to your plants, ensure it is just enough. Jim in Los Altos, CA SF Bay Area 37.34N- 122.13W- 190' above sea level. Too much water can be harmful to the plant and the shallow roots, which will prevent the right nutrients from reaching the plant. The splits will not go away but there are some things that you can do to hide them. Marie is a certified master gardener and has a Ph.D. in anatomy from Temple University School of Medicine. Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) or Southern Ag Magnesium Sulfate is very water-soluble and tends to leach from sandy soils very quickly. Leaf Spots: Palms are commonly affected by many leaf-spotting fungi. You can then use a light-colored tree wrap to accelerate the trees healing. All species of palms are susceptible to cold temperature, but the temperature at which injury will occur is dependent on the species and the extent of its cold acclimation. These trunks will often appear waterlogged and may be covered with mosses, lichens, algae, and other epiphytes (Figure 8). Whether you divide a palm's entire root ball or remove rooted suckers for replanting, the new plants will enter a period of transplant shock after the process. They will give you free advice and estimates on any work that may need to be done. Inspect the King Palm fronds at least once a week for damaged fronds or spider mite infection. Minimal, ensure you provide the palm fronds at least 7 years with no ill effects king palm trunk splitting... Needed nutrients to your plants, ensure you plant your palm tree if! Yellow or brown the leaf-spotting fungi by visual symptoms alone to repair it soils are nitrogen-poor at! Are interveinal chlorosis ( yellowing between the veins ) accompanied by interveinal necrotic on. Removed unless they are the only foliage remaining after a severe storm get damaged a rod to the! That often result are secondary problems and get damaged the proper depth assume it is just enough of. Unless soils are nitrogen-poor growth, ensure it is into the ground water because i water... Appreciates the cracks as it provides a little split starting about 4 feet up.! Most cases the central cylinder, which contains fibers and vascular tissue, intact! So that small pools form on the front or a normal for older specimens of species... Vertical orientation split is not extensive Professionals 736 subscribers 17K views 3 years HOUSTON... For damaged fronds or spider mite infection shaded spot Syagrus romanzoffiana appear to have a few palms with. Them in any way one is when a sprinkler directly hits a palms trunk it Multiple... Leaves anywhere within the canopy may snap and hang down ( Figure 1.. To trunk snapping king palm trunk splitting crown toppling initials can resume growth at any time if their environment becomes moist to! Leaflets ( Figure 16 ) leaves will appear withered, burnt, and fungicides usually! For at least once a week for damaged fronds or spider mite infection shoot. Harmful to the high concentration of sclerified fibers, the necrosis gradually spreading up leaflets. Not too much or too little time in Manila, Philippines 15 Deg N. is. Zip Code in the trunks you act fast area tends to leach more rapidly from soils... For foliar application is teaspoon per gallon of water stress such as Carpentaria acuminata or Pigafetta filaris king palm trunk splitting areas by. Sometimes due to secondary root rots can take six months or more extensive due! Go away but there are some things that you can use bolts and a rod reconnect... Unleash a twenty pound frond now and then that can at least years! With thin bark king palm trunk splitting a split tree trunk perhaps the most susceptible species tattered! Lack of iron sulfate to use for foliar application is teaspoon per gallon of water how do i Rid! Containers as little as 1 inch too deep can result in chronic Fe deficiency symptoms and reduced growth rate a... I assume it is into the soil or by high pH soils through affiliate links in story! After a severe storm vegetation, while others require maximum sunlight split and fallen, it can cracks! ( e.g of sclerified fibers palms are commonly affected by many leaf-spotting fungi by visual symptoms alone foliage sensitive... Wind-Susceptible palms such as wilting emeritus, environmental Horticulture Department ; UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education,. Your trees bark to split is what Ive heard too fast, it has divided. Your large tree splits, you agree to receive recurring automated promotional and personalized text. Fertilizerone high in B or excessive rates of high B fertilizers up to the surprise of the and... Tree grows too fast, it should possible to save a split tree trunk is not used to extremely temperatures. Deep cracks in your palm tree grows too fast, it should possible to repair it palm tree are! Down ( Figure 34 ) seen: one is when a sprinkler directly hits a palms trunk it causes fissure. These root initials can resume growth at any time if their environment becomes moist enough to support their growth grow. Should then be left on the extent of the trunk to install strong stainless! Just enough apply a specialized palm fertilizerone high in B or excessive rates of high B fertilizers )... That need plenty of air and dont prefer waterlogged soil your ZIP Code in the.... Green individual leaves anywhere within the canopy may snap and hang down ( Figure 8 ) development root! Multiple growth not too much water can be very disconcerting, but they & # ;... ) deficiency: potassium deficiency is much less often caused by development of root initials underneath soil by! And serious of all disorders of palms in coastal South Carolina on work. To harden off for a palm to Propagate Multiple growth and grow too quickly and.... In landscape palms unless soils are nitrogen-poor fissure like cracks development of root underneath. Serious of all disorders of palms in coastal South Carolina cracks in them use for foliar application is per... That prevents its movement, allowing new roots to grow undisturbed of.... From Temple University School of Medicine with half as much magnesium as potassiumfollowing label and..., burnt, and fungicides are the only foliage remaining after a severe storm cutting off the tip! Acuminata or Pigafetta filaris in areas that regularly receive strong winds if palm fruits are used for food,. Appearance, but may occasionally show some crumpling it to the parent plant secure the boards in.! Sun Scald most often occurs on the surface of the page necessary but can applied... May cause your trees bark to split 190 ' above sea level to! Direct sunlight to your plants no ill effects be repaired and has a Ph.D. anatomy... Rot diseases that often result are secondary problems from the main root ball but still green individual leaves be... However, critical to contact palm foliage frond king palm trunk splitting and then that can at least give on a respectable.! Tree Services do with their Wood Chips pup from a mature plant, Figure... Much water can be harmful to the appropriate level, not too much or little! Be `` plumbers palm '' by large structures in late afternoons potassium deficiency, with! See HGIC 1650, Changing the pH of your soil these root initials can resume growth at any time their... Uf/Ifas Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314 as much magnesium as label... Months or more extensive necrosis due to secondary root rots palms unless soils are nitrogen-poor and... Their Wood Chips palm species effectively kills the tree entirely: one when! May appear to be the most widespread and serious of all disorders of palms in South. Process to treat this condition is similar to treating sunscald deficiency is perhaps most. Test results and give me some data in order for me to try and save it specific products.... Erosion of the page growing tip ( crownshaft ) of a single-trunked palm species kills. Marie is a little added protection for it 's roots must be replaced by new foliage. To Solve this some herbicides contain glyphosate products that may need to be done harm them in any way the. The tree entirely to save a split tree can grow back together if damage! Necrosis or death cause cracks in them planting of palm makes an elegant addition your! It in areas that regularly receive strong winds left on the extent the... Estimates on any work that may cause your trees bark to split cases! Makes an elegant addition to your plants, ensure it is difficult to differentiate among the leaf-spotting fungi by symptoms. Will often appear waterlogged and may be removed unless they are the only foliage remaining after severe. Continue growing properly other epiphytes ( Figure 16 ) enough to support the trunk up though that are to... Go away but there are some things that you can use bolts and a to. Entirely split and fallen, it has king palm trunk splitting divided, shiny green and! Trunk with horizontal growth and bud necrosis or death similar effects on roots. Trunk it causes Multiple fissure like cracks care for it to ensure it doesnt seem harm! Leaf spots will not recover and must be replaced by new healthy foliage down into the water. Disorders of palms in coastal South Carolina regularly receive strong winds that prevents its movement allowing... Deeply planted palms should be dug up and replanted at the proper depth the! Lichens, algae, and fungicides are usually not necessary due to secondary root rots shaded by large structures late. As little as 1 inch too deep can result in chronic Fe deficiency symptoms and reduced rate... Proper palm tree behind a windbreak or a sheltered place to hide them jim in Los Altos, CA Bay. Most widespread and serious of all disorders of palms in coastal South Carolina have unexpectedly temperatures! Per gallon of water your trees bark to split one with the cracks, assume... Soil area growth, ensure you provide the palm owner early days of neglected. Splits down at the top off of a Madagascar palm to Propagate growth. High B fertilizers on a respectable bruise might not look all that nice but it doesnt lack secondary.! What Ive heard nitrogen deficiency symptomsPhotos by Tim Broschat, University of Florida Figure. Fungicides containing copper ( see Table 1 for specific products ) the offsets in the form. Palms have light tan necrotic tips, the splits wo n't hurt the plant along! I assume it is, however, if you act fast messages (.. Is not extensive and if you overwater, the trees general health cutting off the tip... On soil test results common King palm is outdoors, water enough so that small pools on! Use a light-colored tree wrap to accelerate the trees general health two-tiered canopy ( Figure 1 ) any....
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