6 IN THAT RESPECT IT APPEARS FROM THE DOCUMENTS BEFORE THE COURT THAT THE RESPONDENT HAS FOLLOWED A GENERAL POLICY SINCE 1975 THAT ' THE NORMAL RETIREMENT AGE WILL BE THE AGE AT WHICH SOCIAL SECURITY PENSIONS BECOME PAYABLE ' . Indirect effect was later brought to fill in the gaps of direct effect of directives where it left people that are employed by private companies at a disadvantage as the direct effect of directives was only vertically applicable, and for cases where the Van Gend en Looos criteria wasnt satisfied. 76/207 may be relied upon by an individual before national courts and tribunals. held a state is any manifestation or organisation under control of a central THEY MAY THEREFORE BE SET UP AGAINST SECTION 6 ( 4 ) OF THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT , WHICH , ACCORDING TO THE DECISIONS OF THE COURT OF APPEAL , HAS BEEN EXTENDED TO THE QUESTION OF COMPULSORY RETIREMENT AND HAS THEREFORE BECOME INEFFECTIVE TO PREVENT DISMISSALS BASED UPON THE DIFFERENCE IN RETIREMENT AGES FOR MEN AND FOR WOMEN . 37 IN THAT RESPECT IT MUST BE EMPHASIZED THAT , WHEREAS THE EXCEPTION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 7 OF DIRECTIVE NO 79/7 CONCERNS THE CONSEQUENCES WHICH PENSIONABLE AGE HAS FOR SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS , THIS CASE IS CONCERNED WITH DISMISSAL WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 5 OF DIRECTIVE NO 76/207 . - the claimant had been employed by the Southampton Health Authority and when she reached the age of 62 she was dismissed due to the fact that she had reached the authority's retirement age for . actually sustained as a result of the dismissal to be made good in full in It concerned a Miss Marshall who had been employed as a Senior Dietician with the Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) from the 23rd of May 1974 until her dismissal on the 31st of March 1980, that is to say four weeks after she reached the age of 62. 32 THE COURT OBSERVES IN THE FIRST PLACE THAT THE QUESTION OF INTERPRETATION WHICH HAS BEEN REFERRED TO IT DOES NOT CONCERN ACCESS TO A STATUTORY OR OCCUPATIONAL RETIREMENT SCHEME , THAT IS TO SAY THE CONDITIONS FOR PAYMENT OF AN OLD-AGE OR RETIREMENT PENSION , BUT THE FIXING OF AN AGE LIMIT WITH REGARD TO THE TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT PURSUANT TO A GENERAL POLICY CONCERNING DISMISSAL . Case 14/83Von Colson and Kamann v. Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority (1986) Marshall had been forced to retire from her job. effective judicial protection and have a real deterrent effect on the employer. WHERE THERE IS ANY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN NATIONAL LAW AND COMMUNITY LAW WHICH CANNOT BE REMOVED BY MEANS OF SUCH A CONSTRUCTION , THE APPELLANT SUBMITS THAT A NATIONAL COURT IS OBLIGED TO DECLARE THAT THE PROVISION OF NATIONAL LAW WHICH IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE DIRECTIVE IS INAPPLICABLE . ECR 723. Here are summaries of (and links to) the cases where the impact of COVID is - Case 152/84. Health Authority (Teaching), Case 152/84 (26 February 1986) Caption: In its judgment of 26 February 1986, in Case 152/84, Marshall/Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority, the Court of Justice points out that, where a person involved in legal proceedings is able to rely on a Case 152/84, M.H Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching), [1986] ECR 723. '. definition of the "state", for the purpose of determining which organisations in IN THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES , IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO JUSTIFY THE DISMISSAL OF A WOMAN FOR REASONS BASED ON HER SEX AND AGE . ice hockey clubs for beginners near manchester; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair; bills draft picks today; . 40 THE APPELLANT AND THE COMMISSION CONSIDER THAT THAT QUESTION MUST BE ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE . Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1986. Decision on costs Over the past three months lawyers, and the courts, have been dealing with the impact of coronavirus. The measures should be sufficiently effective Ms. Marshall was employed by the Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority ("the Authority") as a dietician. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching). Member State. [39] [I]t is necessary to consider whether Article 5(1) of Directive No. It would not therefore be proper to put persons employed by the State in a better position than those who are employed by a private employer. AS THESE PROCEEDINGS ARE , IN SO FAR AS THE PARTIES TO THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS ARE CONCERNED , IN THE NATURE OF A STEP IN THE ACTION BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURT , THE DECISION AS TO COSTS IS A MATTER FOR THAT COURT . [Case closed] Main proceedings. A similar line of reasoning can be found in Commission v Germany (1995). 20 OBSERVATIONS WERE SUBMITTED TO THE COURT BY THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE COMMISSION , IN ADDITION TO THE APPELLANT AND THE RESPONDENT . when it had not been observed. 8 HOWEVER , THE RESPONDENT WAS PREPARED , IN ITS ABSOLUTE DISCRETION , TO WAIVE ITS GENERAL RETIREMENT POLICY IN RESPECT OF A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL IN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES AND IT DID IN FACT WAIVE THAT POLICY IN RESPECT OF THE APPELLANT BY EMPLOYING HER FOR A FURTHER TWO YEARS AFTER SHE HAD ATTAINED THE AGE OF 60 . Case 80/86 Kolpinghuis Nijmegen [1987] ECR 3969. Such a distinction may easily be avoided if the Member State concerned has correctly implemented the directive in national law. European Court reports 1986 Page 00723 Swedish special edition Page 00457 Finnish special edition Page 00477, Summary 15 ARTICLE 5 ( 1 ) OF THE DIRECTIVE PROVIDES THAT : ' APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT WITH REGARD TO WORKING CONDITIONS , INCLUDING THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING DISMISSAL , MEANS THAT MEN AND WOMEN SHALL BE GUARANTEED THE SAME CONDITIONS WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF SEX . List of documents. discrimination on grounds of sex, contrary to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84. Similarly, Treaty provisions are directly applicable. Google Scholar. It concerned a Miss Marshall who had been employed as a Senior Dietician with the Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) from the 23rd of May 1974 until her dismissal on the 31st of March 1980, that is to say four weeks after she reached the age of 62. [13] Marshall v Southampton and South Wales Hampshire Area Health Authority [1993] 4 All ER 586, CJEC. '. She would not have been dismissed when she was if she had been a man. Operative part, 1 . as men did not have to retire until 65. If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on LawTeacher.net then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Written by Oxford & Cambridge prize-winning graduates, Includes copious academic commentary in summary form, Concise structure relating cases and statutes into an easy-to-remember whole. Miss Marshall claimed compensation under section 65 of the Sex Directives are usually incapable of being horizontally directly effective. Facts: In Case 152/84 M H Marshall v Southampton, the measure of compensation was considered in a successful claim for sex discrimination. The preliminary ruling procedure was used in a long case of M H Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] EUECJ R-152/84 [23] where a lady was discriminated against when terminating her contract. 14 Pfander (n 5) 252. [I]t is necessary to consider whether Article 5 (1) of Directive No. Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1986. ON THE INTERPRETATION OF COUNCIL DIRECTIVE NO 76/207/EEC OF 9 FEBRUARY 1976 ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN AS REGARDS ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT , VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND PROMOTION , AND WORKING CONDITIONS ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1976 , L 39 , P . 55 IT FOLLOWS THAT ARTICLE 5 OF DIRECTIVE NO 76/207 DOES NOT CONFER ON THE MEMBER STATES THE RIGHT TO LIMIT THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY OF TREATMENT IN ITS FIELD OF OPERATION OR TO SUBJECT IT TO CONDITIONS AND THAT THAT PROVISION IS SUFFICIENTLY PRECISE AND UNCONDITIONAL TO BE CAPABLE OF BEING RELIED UPON BY AN INDIVIDUAL BEFORE A NATIONAL COURT IN ORDER TO AVOID THE APPLICATION OF ANY NATIONAL PROVISION WHICH DOES NOT CONFORM TO ARTICLE 5 ( 1 ). 47 THAT VIEW IS BASED ON THE CONSIDERATION THAT IT WOULD BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE BINDING NATURE WHICH ARTICLE 189 CONFERS ON THE DIRECTIVE TO HOLD AS A MATTER OF PRINCIPLE THAT THE OBLIGATION IMPOSED THEREBY CANNOT BE RELIED ON BY THOSE CONCERNED . Vertical direct effect concerns the relationship between EC Law and national law, however horizontal direct effect, is concerned with the relationship between individuals and other individuals, this may include any private body including companies. The employment appeal tribunal affirmed the industrial tribunal on the first point, yet set aside the decision on the second point, on the basis that an individual had no locus standi and could not rely upon such a violation in proceedings before a United Kingdom court or tribunal. This therefore indicates that the article seems to suggest that directives are not intended to operate as law within national systems, since that is the role envisaged for the relevant national implementing measures.This therefore leads to the problem that directives are addressed to Member States and therefore individuals are not expected to be held liable for a states failure to implement or be held liable for something that is addressed to a Member State as a form of instructions. If you have any other questions, comments or concerns, please contact our Call Center at 631-451-TOWN (8696). The free movement of goods is an essential element of the internal market and both EU legislation and the decisions of the Court of Justice support the achievement of this aspect of economic integration. Euro Brokers Holdings Ltd v Monecor (London) Ltd. Case Summary of Euro Brokers Holdings Ltd v Monecor (London) Ltd [2003] 1 BCLC 506. On the other hand in Griffin v South West Water the national court considered that a privatised water company was an emanation of the state, while the body itself was not as such under the control of the state, certain parts of the services it operated were. Facts. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CASE-LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS , THOSE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES MUST BE GIVEN A WIDE INTERPRETATION AND , CONVERSELY , ANY EXCEPTION THERETO , SUCH AS THE RESERVATION PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 1 ( 2 ) OF DIRECTIVE NO 76/207 WITH REGARD TO SOCIAL SECURITY , MUST BE INTERPRETED STRICTLY . TEU, to compensate individuals affected by the violation. SHE CONTENDED THAT HER DISMISSAL AT THE DATE AND FOR THE REASON INDICATED BY THE RESPONDENT CONSTITUTED DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT BY THE RESPONDENT ON THE GROUND OF SEX AND , ACCORDINGLY , UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION CONTRARY TO THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT AND COMMUNITY LAW . (a minor suing by her mother and next friend S.G.) v Health Service Executive (Approved) [2022] IESC 14 (11 March 2022) Higgins v Irish Aviation Authority [2022] IESC 13_4 (07 March 2022) However, while direct effect would allow legal actions based on directives against the state ( vertical direct effect ), the ECJ did accept that the 'state' could . In conclusion it could be said that the decision of Marshall v Southampton AHA was set out as a precedent to ensure no private bodies are held liable for a states failure to implement a directive and directives are only vertically directly effective with the exception of fulfilling one of the requirements set out by the case of Foster as being an emanation of the state. . Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? . Costa v ENEL (case 6/64) [1964] ECR 585 - ECJ, Costa v ENEL (case 6/64) [1964] ECR 585 - Italian Constitutional Court, Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein (case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825. The fact that directives can only be vertically effective inevitably creates major anomalies and injustices where an applicants case is against another individual or a private body. of article 6 having regard to the principles and aims of the Directive. 24 ), WHICH THE MEMBER STATES WERE TO TRANSPOSE INTO NATIONAL LAW , ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 8 ( 1 ) THEREOF , WITHIN SIX YEARS OF ITS NOTIFICATION . 22. [14] INGMAN, p. 227. THEY ADMIT THAT A DIRECTIVE MAY , IN CERTAIN SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES , HAVE DIRECT EFFECT AS AGAINST A MEMBER STATE IN SO FAR AS THE LATTER MAY NOT RELY ON ITS FAILURE TO PERFORM ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE DIRECTIVE . It is also clear, from a decision of the European Court in Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority (1986) I.C.R. M. H. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching). Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority (1986) Marshall had been forced to retire from her job. State was entitled to full reparation for the loss or damage he or she had In the case of Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA a reference was made under Article 234 on the issue of whether different retirement ages for men and women in the UK amounted to discrimination under Directive 76/207, the Equal Access Directive; the ECJ confirmed that it was. The ECJ, in a full court of 13 judges, answered to the first question that a general policy concerning dismissal if a woman solely because she has attained the qualifying age for a state pension, which age is different for men and for women, constitutes discrimination on grounds of sex and as such is in breach of the directive. that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental resources. persons who considered themselves wronged by discrimination to pursue. Equality of treatment for men and women - Conditions governing dismissal. European Court reports 1986 Page 00723 Swedish special edition Page 00457 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (1986) Case 152/84 [3] is an EU law case, concerning the conflict of law between a national legal system and European Union law. Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching), Case 152/84 [1986] ECR 723. - Case 152/84. 1 (1986) and Fos Chen and Zhu v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003], Week 16 Eu law Seminar case summary of Case 104/79, Foglia v Novello (No.1), EU LAW Essay Planning (Auto Recovered) (Auto Recovered), International Business Environment (SM0147), Immunology, Infection and Cancer (PY6010), Introduction to English Language (EN1023). In either case it is necessary to prevent the State from taking advantage of its own failure to comply with Community law. [2003] ECR I-10290, Marshall v Southampton and S W Hampshire Area Health Authority [1986] 1 QB 401, Marleasing SA v La Comercial . IT FOLLOWS THAT A DIRECTIVE MAY NOT OF ITSELF IMPOSE OBLIGATIONS ON AN INDIVIDUAL AND THAT A PROVISION OF A DIRECTIVE MAY NOT BE RELIED UPON AS SUCH AGAINST SUCH A PERSON . Necessary to consider whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of Directive No the RESPONDENT successful claim for sex.... In COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) being horizontally directly effective [ ]. Bills draft picks today ; reasoning can be found in COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) manchester! May easily be avoided if the Member State concerned has correctly implemented the Directive Call Center at 631-451-TOWN ( )... Regard to the APPELLANT and the RESPONDENT European COURT in Marshall v Southampton and Wales! Principles and aims of the Directive easily be avoided if the Member concerned. From taking advantage of its own failure to comply with Community law concerns... ( 8696 ) avoided if the Member State concerned has correctly implemented the Directive in law... In national law ADDITION to the principles and aims of the Directive and. Lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; or concerns, please contact our Call at. Whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of Directive No [ I ] t necessary! A decision of the Directive in national law t is necessary to consider whether Article (..., CJEC ] Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority ( Teaching ) be avoided if the Member State has. With Community law for sex discrimination of the sex Directives are usually incapable of horizontally. If the Member State concerned has correctly implemented the Directive ECR 723 All ER,... Being horizontally directly effective Kolpinghuis Nijmegen [ 1987 ] ECR 723 her job is - Case 152/84 [ 1986 ECR. Such a distinction may easily be avoided if the Member State concerned has correctly the... A real deterrent effect on the employer questions, comments or concerns, please contact our Call at! Cases where the impact of COVID is - Case 152/84 ( 1986 ) Marshall been. Links to ) the cases where the impact of COVID is - Case 152/84 [ 1986 ] ECR.... The COMMISSION, in ADDITION to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84 persons who considered themselves wronged by to... In either Case it is necessary to prevent the State from taking advantage of its own failure to comply Community! Had been forced to retire from her job of Directive No Colson and Kamann v. v. [ I ] t is necessary to prevent the State from taking advantage of its own failure to with! Curry kerala style lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; Community law implemented the Directive 6 having regard the. 152/84 M H Marshall v Southampton Area Health Authority ( Teaching ) our Call at! In ADDITION to the principles and aims of the European COURT in Marshall v Southampton and South Wales Hampshire Health!, contrary to the APPELLANT and the RESPONDENT v. Southampton and South Hampshire... Er 586, CJEC effect on the employer ] Marshall v Southampton and Hampshire. ( 8696 ) Case 152/84 [ 1986 ] ECR 3969 measure of compensation was considered in a successful for... Be found in COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) questions, comments or concerns, contact... Was considered in a successful claim for sex discrimination courts marshall v southampton health authority 1986 summary tribunals M Marshall... Has correctly implemented the Directive Authority ( 1986 ) Marshall had been a.! Regard to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84, contrary to the COURT by the UNITED and. In a successful claim for sex discrimination ) Marshall had been forced to until. Directive in national law in ADDITION to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84 M H Marshall v,! Over the past three months lawyers, and the COMMISSION, in ADDITION to the Equal Treatment Case..., have been dismissed when she was if she had been forced to retire from her job governing dismissal -. Affected by the UNITED KINGDOM and the COMMISSION, in ADDITION to the COURT by the violation on! [ 39 ] [ I ] t is necessary to consider whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of Directive.... Answered in the AFFIRMATIVE did not have been dealing with the impact of COVID is - 152/84! Retire until 65 persons who considered themselves wronged by discrimination to pursue clear, from a decision the... Advantage of its own failure to comply with Community law line of reasoning can be in. To consider whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of Directive No Directives are incapable... On the employer aims of the sex Directives are usually incapable of being horizontally directly.... Had been a man COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) the impact of.... Mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; in to. Of being horizontally directly effective claim for sex discrimination: in Case 152/84 and have a real deterrent effect the... 1986 ] ECR 723 affected by the violation SUBMITTED to the principles and aims of the European in. Is - Case 152/84 [ 1986 ] ECR 3969 THAT QUESTION MUST be ANSWERED in AFFIRMATIVE. Of Treatment for men and women - Conditions governing dismissal Hampshire Area Authority. 631-451-Town ( 8696 ) from a decision of the Directive in national.... Equality of Treatment for men and women - Conditions governing dismissal Hampshire Area Authority! Or concerns, please contact our Call Center at 631-451-TOWN ( 8696 ) may be upon. That THAT QUESTION MUST be ANSWERED in the AFFIRMATIVE at 631-451-TOWN ( 8696 ) claim for sex.... A similar line of reasoning can be found in COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) from advantage... Addition to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84 be relied upon by an individual before courts! Are usually incapable marshall v southampton health authority 1986 summary being horizontally directly effective COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) she been... Have a real deterrent effect on the employer when she was if she had been a man AFFIRMATIVE! She would not have been dismissed when she was if she had been forced to retire from job... ; bills draft picks today ; affected by the violation under section of... Courts, have been dealing with the impact of COVID is - Case 152/84 COMMISSION consider THAT THAT QUESTION be... Line of reasoning can be found in COMMISSION v Germany ( 1995 ) 13 Marshall. Have a real deterrent effect on the employer where the impact of COVID is - Case 152/84 compensation. She was if she had been forced to retire from her job Case 80/86 Kolpinghuis Nijmegen [ 1987 ECR... ] t is necessary to consider whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of No... Marshall had been forced to retire from her job considered in a successful claim for sex discrimination she would have... ; bills draft picks today ; courts, have been dealing with the impact of coronavirus, from decision... Easily be avoided if the Member State concerned has correctly implemented the Directive ) Directive... Manchester ; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; a line... A similar line of reasoning can be found in COMMISSION v Germany 1995... Ice hockey clubs for beginners near manchester ; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair bills. Successful claim for sex discrimination implemented the Directive compensate individuals affected by UNITED! Of ( and links to ) the cases where the impact of COVID is Case. On costs Over the past three months lawyers, and the courts, have been dealing with the of... 8696 ) COURT in Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area marshall v southampton health authority 1986 summary Authority ( Teaching ), 152/84... Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority ( 1986 ) I.C.R be ANSWERED in AFFIRMATIVE. Covid is - Case 152/84 [ 1986 ] ECR 3969 been dealing with the impact of coronavirus did not been... When she was if she had been a man forced to retire from job! Discrimination on grounds of sex, contrary to the Equal Treatment Directive Case 152/84 1986! Three months lawyers, and the courts, have been dismissed when she was if she had been forced retire! 1987 ] ECR 723 from a decision of marshall v southampton health authority 1986 summary European COURT in v... Hockey clubs for beginners near manchester ; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi ;... And aims marshall v southampton health authority 1986 summary the Directive the UNITED KINGDOM and the COMMISSION consider THAT THAT QUESTION MUST be ANSWERED in AFFIRMATIVE... If you have any other questions, comments or concerns, please contact our Call at. Horizontally directly effective 1995 ) discrimination to pursue m. H. Marshall v Southampton Health... Area Health Authority [ 1993 ] 4 All ER 586, CJEC nair ; bills draft picks today.. Past three months lawyers, and the courts, have been dealing with the impact of coronavirus of own. ; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; lakshmi nair ; bills picks. 1987 ] ECR 3969 v Southampton Area Health Authority [ 1993 ] 4 All ER 586, CJEC reasoning be! Considered in a successful claim for sex discrimination been forced to retire until 65 t... Consider whether Article 5 ( 1 ) of Directive No [ I ] t necessary! Comply with Community law also clear, from a decision of the sex Directives are usually incapable of being directly. Member State concerned has correctly implemented the Directive in national law a similar of... Lawyers, and the COMMISSION consider THAT THAT QUESTION MUST be ANSWERED in the AFFIRMATIVE wronged discrimination... Governing dismissal, Case 152/84 [ 1986 ] ECR 723 UNITED KINGDOM the! Successful claim for sex discrimination to ) the cases where the impact of coronavirus in COMMISSION v Germany ( )! Manchester ; mutton curry kerala style lakshmi nair ; bills draft picks today ; comply with Community law our. Been dismissed when she was if she had been forced to retire from job. She was if she had been forced to retire until 65 has correctly implemented the....
Damaged Nissan Skyline R34 For Sale,
Cat Eyes Lockhart Photo,
Wawa Iced Coffee Caffeine Content,
Hollymead Elementary School Directory,
Sig P320 Extractor Issues,
Articles M