Though as of this writing, three presidents have been impeached, none have ever been removed from office. Dictionary of American History. But in the midst of this personal war he had sparked with the flagship university in Austin, Ferguson appeared before a Travis County grand jury and was indicted on nine charges. His mother continued to live on the farm, and he began working in the fields as a young boy. James T. DeShields, They Sat in High Places: The Presidents and Governors of Texas (San Antonio: Naylor, 1940). The [Texas House of Representatives] immediately turned its attention to the numerous charges against [Governor James Ferguson] and, after a lengthy investigation, prepared twenty-one articles of impeachment. He gave a speech in his own defense and blamed the charges on that N-word loving senator from the north, Senator Johnson. Not Lyndon. She won that and the general election,[2] saying that she intended to rely on her husband for advice. He was replaced by William P. Hobby after the Texas House of Representatives found him guilty in ten of twenty-one charges. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Norman D. Brown, Hood, Bonnet, and Little Brown Jug: Texas Politics, 1921-1928 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1984). Barred from state office, he ran for president in 1920 on the American Party ticket. Throughout his years in banking he took an active interest in county and local politics. Hall updated Governor Rick Perry's office in April 2013 with the full list. Partly cloudy skies early will give way to cloudy skies late. 1917: James 'Pa' Ferguson Jr., Texas. Found in volume 15,291 (available at govinfo). His father died when he was four. The vote made him ineligible to hold any office of honor, trust or profit in the state of Texas. He maintained his. The charges were then sent to the state Senate for trial. Ferguson was indicted on nine charges which included misapplication of public funds, embezzlement and the diversion of a special fund. Barred from state office, he ran for president in 1920 on the American Party ticket. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. James Ferguson Dr. Ken Bridges An argument over spending tax. 2-stem governor fro 1921-1924 . He was kicked out of a local prep school, Salado College, at age 12 for misbehavior. This independence made him critical of existing policies, earning him sufficient popular support to win office, but also the consequent wrath of the establishment that could have protected him from investigation. But the mere fact that Ferguson had been impeached and made ineligible to hold any office of trust or profit under the state did not in any sense remove him from the field of Texas politics. Before the process could be completed, Ferguson resigned from office, contending that the legislative action against him was a kangaroo court. [2], Impeachments have historically been reserved for cases in which a public official committed a criminal act. He convened the commission, and the body approved that Barker write a letter to the Governor-elect. Ferguson cleverly resigned, claiming then that the Senate couldnt uphold an impeachment for someone who wasnt actually in office. When his reasoning was questioned, he would respond, I am governor of Texas. The specifics are left to the state legislators to determine. Scandals of all sorts, from the brazen to the bizarre, have occurred for decades at all levels. There are 31 members of the Texas State Senate. There were . If the House adopts articles of impeachment, the Texas State Senate must then sit as the court of impeachment. The Texas Senate, many of whom had served under William Harding Mayes and with whom Mayes maintained cordial relationships,[14] removed Ferguson as governor and declared him ineligible to hold office under Texas jurisdiction. He made only a few speeches and must have known long before the votes were cast that Mrs. Ferguson had no chance to win. Tags Encyclopedia.com. The legislature passed generous appropriation bills, and the ad valorem tax rate reached the constitutional maximum of thirty-five cents. He took the stand on his own behalf and was mostly a weak and contradictory witness, unable to explain discrepancies. When the Democratic Party dominated the Texas political landscape, winning the Democratic primary often sealed the election results. 1. so that gubernatorial elections will not be influenced by a presidential election 2. so that candidates cannot run for governor and a federal office at the same time 3. so that voters will not become overwhelmed by too many candidates in one year 4. because Texas happened to become part of the US during an off-year An effort was begun in 2013 to investigate the possibility of impeaching University of Texas Regent Wallace Hall. School districts | In retaliation, Ferguson vetoed the entire appropriation for the university. To impeach, the House simply needs a majority vote on the different charges involved. The veto was retaliation against the university because of its refusal to dismiss certain faculty members whom Ferguson found objectionable, including William Harding Mayes, former Texas Lieutenant Governor and founder and dean of the University of Texas School of Journalism. A powerful governor clashes with the University of Texas at Austin. Needed buildings were provided at other eleemosynary institutions. He submitted his resignation the day before he was scheduled to be formally convicted. Ferguson declared that the Legislature was nothing more than a kangaroo court," resigned a day before the official conviction, and was steadfast in his beliefs that the judgment didnt apply to him, according to Rutherford. Jessica Brannon-Wranosky is the Distinguished Professor of Digital Humanities and History at Texas A&M UniversityCommerce. Title 6, Chapter 665 of the Texas Government Code addresses the impeachment and removal of public officers by the state house. In sum, his down-home authenticity faded away to reveal a man who was mostly a fraud. If the Senate is not in session, there are four ways by which it may be convened.[7]. With charges growing against Ferguson, the House of Representatives drew up 21 charges against him and voted to impeach. He was by this time an old man. The legality of the speaker calling a session was questionable the Texas Constitution says only the governor can call a special session but the point became moot when Ferguson called his own special session to discuss the budget for the University of Texas. by Nicole Shealy ." In 1918 he sought the Democratic party nomination for the governorship but was defeated by William P. Hobby. During Ferguson's first term, the legislature passed several measures of major importance. Though he had signed legislation creating three new colleges, he found himself in a feud with professors at the University of Texas. A grand jury in Travis County learned that in 1915, Ferguson had transferred $5,600 from the state to a bank in Austin and then to his bank in Temple that he used to pay off a private debt. He left home at 16, traveling and taking odd jobs until he returned to farm in Bell County. Amplify your impact and donate now. He resigned his office the day before the judgment was announced and contended that it did not apply to him. It was, in his mind, absolute. In the wake of the controversy, issues from Fergusons past campaign for governor in 1916 came back into the spotlight. At the same time, officials had begun looking into Fergusons finances. James Ferguson is the only governor to be impeached and convicted. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Ferguson was also surpassed by three other unsuccessful candidates: Ferguson failed at his bid for the United States Senate in 1922, having lost in the Democratic runoff election to Earle Bradford Mayfield. The Legislature is aghast at the meddling with the flagship state university. He only made the ballot in Texas, winning just under 10% of the vote. The fact is that he had parked state funds in his bank for personal gain and he had run his bank as a one-man Ponzi scheme. In 1918 he sought the Democratic party nomination for the governorship but was defeated by William P. Hobby. The incumbent State Librarian was Ernest Winkler, who was a professional historian with years of experience as a librarian. Ferguson was reelected by a majority of about 60,000 votes, but opposition was sufficient to show that many Texans, including a number who were not prohibitionists, were displeased with his stewardship. Even during the workday Christina De La Cruzs family is rarely far away. The House then chooses members to act as managers to present the case to the Senate for trial. Basically, he wanted five professors fired, for the unstated reason that they had spoken out publicly against his candidacy for governor. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Despite the Senate's conviction, Ferguson sought to run for governor again in 1924. Jim "Pa" Ferguson became the first person in Texas to be impeached. In 1917, Gov. [9] According to historian Dan Utley, Ferguson planned to use state appointments as part of a spoils system to reward his political supporters. The excitement that greeted the veto was soon overshadowed by the greater excitement that surrounded the impeachment trial. In 1913, William Sulzer was impeached and removed from office as governor of New York. The account said Ferguson accused the student protesters of committing treason against him. Southwestern Historical Quarterly 86 (October 1982). The state was blue, then really indigo. Proclamation signed by a majority of the members of the House. Ferguson was the only "wet" candidate in the Democratic primary and garnered all of the anti-prohibitionist votes over a plurality of "dry" candidates. Though no Texas official has been impeached and removed from office at the state level since Ferguson, Texas politics has hardly been scandal-free. Committee member Dan Flynn said he was not surprised by the findings and was pleased the university counsel reached a conclusion.[21][22][23][24]. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. He decided that the university president must resign, and when Vinson refused, Ferguson vetoed the universitys entire budget. He was elected governor in 1914, his first election. Cities | In 1940 Mrs. Ferguson again sought the governorship, and for the last time "Farmer Jim" appealed to the voters of Texas. The Constitution gives Congress the power of impeachment in federal cases. In 1917, James E. Ferguson, nicknamed "Pa Ferguson," was impeached and removed from the governorship of Texas. As a result of these developments, the speaker of the House called a special session to consider charges of impeachment against the governor. Almost a century later, the impeachment of Ferguson by the Texas House of Representatives presents both striking similarities and key differences to the ongoing Hall saga. . He often said, civilization begins and ends with the plow. Ferguson was a mesmerizing speaker and storyteller and was splendidly fluent in the dialects of rural Texas. In July 1917, he was indicted for misappropriation of funds. The charges of impeachment grew from a controvesy with the University of Texas administration, and resulted in Ferguson being charged with misapplication of public funds among nine other charges. The Constitution gives Congress the power of impeachment in federal cases. Sam Houston's life was, Ann Willis Richards (born 1933) was elected Democratic governor of Texas in 1990, the second woman ever to hold that position in the state's history., American politician Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1977) gained fame in the 1920s when she was elected governor of Wyoming, becoming the first woman in the, Barbara Jordan (american Congressional Representative), Jordan, Barbara Charline After a trial, the Senate voted him out of office by a vote of 25-3 and banned him from holding any state office. The Fergusons beat Robertson and went to the Governor's Mansion for a third time. James Ferguson died on September 21, 1944, and was buried in the State Cemetery in Austin. How to run for office | Eight federal judges have been convicted in the Senate and removed from office. Impeachment is the equivalent of an indictment. At the same time, officials had begun looking into Fergusons finances. He was re-elected in 1916. Eight governors have been removed from office through impeachment. She would serve one more term as governor from 1933 to 1935. Ferguson would often call into question the value of a college diploma, saying it was book learning gone to seed. He said some professors took three years to learn that you couldnt grow wool on an armadillo. His constituency, he claimed, resided where the creeks forked and he felt they were getting short-changed by not getting enough basic education, while the kids at UT were getting too much of it., He said those kids go up to Austin for four years and return home with nothing but a mandolin and liver damage. As my brother Redneck Dave would say, That right there is funny. This was a vital point to Ferguson, because the impeachment barred him from running for any office in Texas for life. Impeached provides a new examination of the rise and fall of Ferguson's political fortunes, offering a focused look at how battles over economic class, academic freedom, women's enfranchisement, and concentrated political power came to be directed toward one . Hearing the gasps in the chamber, Ferguson immediately asked to strike the comment. Two years later they lost a reelection bid amid new scandals concerning excessive pardons and political patronage abuses. Impeached provides a new examination of the rise and fall of Ferguson's political fortunes, offering a focused look at how battles over economic class, academic freedom, women's enfranchisement, and concentrated political power came to be directed toward one . 100% remote. Dictionary of American History. The campaign proved him to be a man of considerable native ability and the possessor of a captivating personality. He was indicted and impeached during his second term, but according to Ferguson technically impeached, after he resigned office. Please subscribe to keep reading. Despite his resignation, the State Senate voted 25-3 to convict, which meant that Ferguson could not seek another public office in Texas. Advocates are pushing for legislation to help them. Ferguson was first elected in 1914, and was reelected in 1916. Sign up now to get our FREE breaking news coverage delivered right to your inbox. On July 21, 1917, in the midst of the excitement, Ferguson appeared before the Travis County grand jury, and several days later it was announced that he had been indicted on nine charges. The second was state District Judge OliveroCarrilloin 1976, who was impeached for income tax fraud. Connally, John Bowden, Jr. He served 15 months as governor. StrongJanuary 29, 202010:48 amArts & Culture, Stories From Texas, Bain News Service /Wikimedia Commons [Public domain]. The regents refused. At age 12 he entered Salado College (a preparatory school) but was eventually expelled for disobedience. "In light of the fundamental role attorneys play, it would lead to an absurd result were it criminal for an official to provide student records to his or her attorney in the face of litigation, or anticipated litigation, involving these records," Philip Hilder wrote in the report. The Texas Supreme Court disagreed, so he had his wife run in his place. He is the author, coauthor, or editor of more than two dozen books, most recently Anti-Black Violence in Twentieth-Century Texas. Yet the House rejected a broad attempt to impeach Johnson for abuse of power in 1867, because many congressmen felt a president had to commit a crime to be impeached. The legislature then came back into session to consider impeachment, an attempt Ferguson immediately condemned. The House sent 21 articles of impeachment to the Senate. James Ferguson is the only governor to be impeached and convicted. American banker and politician (18711944), Brochure, "Meet the Fergusons: Two Governors for the Price of One", Bell County Museum, Belton, Texas, Lucadia Christiana Niles Pease (18671869), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Texas Politics Project, Governors of Texas, 12. But it is Hall not his political patron, Perry who would be targeted for possible impeachment. Her most recent publications include contributions to Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives and Discovering Texas History. Join us! I dont have to give any reasons, according to the American Political Science Review. "[3] In general, impeachments are a rare occurrence. "Ferguson Impeachment The vote was 25-3. He only made the ballot in Texas, winning just under 10% of the vote. He claimed to be painstakingly honest; he was an embezzler. [5], On December 31, 1899, he married Miriam A. Wallace at her family home. The State Senate reduced the charges to ten, half of which dealt with the transfer of the $5,600. The question was eventually carried into the courts, where the judgment of the Court of Impeachment was sustained. In 1925, Miriam became the first female governor of Texas after campaigning as a stand-in for her husband, and James E. Ferguson became the first gentleman of Texas for her two terms. Ferguson had vetoed the entire appropriations for the University of Texas in 1916. In 1917, Gov. The Senate, acting as a court of impeachment, spent three weeks considering the charges and convicted the governor of 10 of them. An overview by John R. Lundberg offers a comprehensive survey of the impeachment process. Of course, her husband was the only one the amnesty applied to. In 1922 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate. Two years later they lost a reelection bid amid new scandals concerning excessive pardons and political patronage abuses. As a result it was impossible for the convention to eliminate him and obviously unwise to divide the vote by naming a rival candidate. Ferguson, had a stormy two-term reign and was impeached in 1917 over charges of misappropriation of funds regarding the University of Texas as well as embezzlement. In 1903, Ferguson was elected as city attorney in Belton, Texas. Impeached. This is simply not true. ii) During the period between World Wars I and II, James and Miriam Ferguson were the most powerful couple in Texas. The first had to do with his abuse of power while attempting to micromanage the University of Texas. Winds light and variable.. In July 1917, he was indicted for misappropriation of funds. ex-governor banned from holding state office. As a political speaker he had few equals. (renews at {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}}/month + tax). He is interred next to his wife at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. [7], If the House adopts articles of impeachment, the Texas State Senate is required to sit as a court of impeachment. State executives | Gov. youngest governor in Texas history. The most that the select committee can do would be to recommend to the full state house that articles of impeachment be drafted. He tapped Reverend Allan Ferguson Cunningham to serve as State Librarian, despite his lack of training or experience in the field. He had been an opponent of Ferguson for the Democratic party's nomination for governor in 1914.[11]. we are currently accepting new members. In 1917, James E. Ferguson, nicknamed "Pa Ferguson," was impeached and removed from the governorship of Texas. Gulf of Mexico warming at faster rate than global ocean, study finds, As Texas STAAR test goes fully online, teachers feel defeated, Texas Education Agency projects confidence, Texas Standard for Feb. 23, 2023: Why many cotton farmers arent planting as much this year. In 1918 he sought the Democratic party nomination for the governorship but was defeated by William P. Hobby. Gov. Federal courts | In 1928, for the first time since 1914, Ferguson was not an active participant in a political campaign, but even then he took some interest in the race for the governorship and gave his support to Louis J. Wardlaw. Ross Phares, The Governors of Texas (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1976). The chair of the State Library and Historical Commission, Eugene C. Barker, heard talk about these plans and intervened in support of Winkler. But Ferguson ran for governor in the 1918 Democratic primary. When the House is not in session, there are three ways that the House may be convened for purposes of impeachment. He ended up back in the Governors Mansion for a third time when she became the first woman governor in Texas history. He was impeached in 1917 and removed from office. She served two nonconsecutive two-year terms as governor: January 20, 1925 January 17, 1927. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Fergusons retired from public life afterward with James Ferguson dying in 1944 and his wife passing away in 1961. James Edward Ferguson, also called Farmer Jim or Pa was born in Bell County in 1871. (b. Gould, Lewis L. "The University Becomes Politicized: The War with Jim Ferguson." James E. Ferguson", Presiding Officers of the Texas Legislature 18462006, "Governor Ferguson Is Impeached By The Senate Saturday, By 27 to 4: 10 of 21 Charges Sustained By High Impeachment Court", "Presiding Officers of the Texas Legislature, 18462010", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_E._Ferguson&oldid=1136223529, Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election, Impeached state and territorial governors of the United States removed from office, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:22. Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. And here, Ferguson made his second blunder. In 1924, his wife, Miriam Ma Ferguson won election as governor as a stand-in candidate in a tightly contested race. Impeached: The Removal of Texas Governor James E. Fergusonreveals how power ebbed and flowed in twentieth-century Texas and includes several annotated primary documents critical to understanding the Ferguson impeachment. General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin, Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services. The Senate found Ferguson guilty on five charges relating to mishandling of public funds and abuse of power in relation to the university. Dan Moody. At 16, he left home and drifted through the states of the American West, working successively in a vineyard, a mine, a barbed wire factory, and at a grain ranch. April 2013 with the transfer of the $ 5,600 judges have been impeached and convicted a personality. The brazen to the full list to those guidelines when editing your bibliography, Their and! Present the case to the state of Texas in 1916, three presidents have been removed from governorship! 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