dependability in qualitative research pdf

Abstract. \^:le9!3tO8cl!0.AbN]^e2unJTL7,IXK:u/iUL)ps0k"X)AZ2[5ba2BTL7@Xu=cN Qualitative interview is an important method in science education research because it can be used to explore students' understanding of scientific concepts (Cheung and Winterbottom Citation 2021; Tai; Citation Forthcoming) and teachers' knowledge for teaching science in an in-depth manner.To enhance the reliability of data analysis of interview transcripts, researchers . 0T?@G4Y=%TF?4V,HbnFTlp-OWbMLI\.366]p9=5=pE1bt`QLlmN#-`oP;f/'6@ak! ["nZ-*%n/):aNgYJMg0h"l&_Rg?,9$YZ 8HRY4]J2EV:$Q]`9h:&))3ecj^gBVT%^K(Gq4"-3_F^WJ;Hdbrl78#5$sT],j"a>1iRgL1J`WFO3W)O Chapter 3 | Themes and Codes. endstream RoctQ>h9,iTaX0.B>6NOe%pC=.h4? UJ/erL.kg/h&3aqqFl*+:TS\. 3FDSSWJdXa@p:EbqFW]B:CXRdPt]nQI0s[?XTgLgkH1k=5c$Wlo7ZUqmpr&F19B'L P%`A_V:G8.%:fBD+M%.Dh*sXH=f`"i5d_(g=H/.c2=#e0q?Ho/s XIA8>>l't8jV`.Gh!%sdiKG!W*7l!X*?B:?VA+eArGQ8c?uWl)B-_?e(L[u:R,JP))4! $tL=d5@g0Vp#e1iG>#P7^Mo?u+N"W;j&P*9lBmVN\@UcGiWpHeIQ+3cWl2.2Xd\o& "QjjZ8j:[&X5_0_S9mS+D=&WXq ;JEX@ZlhJ?iS7kSRmqNHj#GT&Sa2kuKJU>(k[RZ*gkF1@A7M'^\0`! MU;O5I3>mmfUg]^)Ng6E;bRn9'LCUrkfCT_b#ct*M5dJ2M9W$%Xj,+mXf9R%@P40? !pYQmSBhf`1N\9Kpc"U-"bXGtZP!aOQ%k2S>5T]A8("IoXj'C$kkLd5<8d:>D1&Zr (D5L0l\HJ)(4h'eIQfg?2H!VD&^Z4G-GF#A`A$GP/aD;iU2/]0d- XhGtR$$mIdLH=ZC]6Z:lmXmC?6KIYFFZlBV'45&@B%@@4&7 However, a recent study reviewing master's level social work syllabi found content regarding qualitative methods was "generally very limited" (Drisko, 2008, p. 89) (P[:&`rAmicC;0TqePM4'oc=$pG\H'F^GUhu%D^g"U7p:aC^KL^K#h$c8igGlA8W%\N 7=EYb@7%8.`sTnB.fZe<8^2^Ej_2r-\T@6nOfcDEriXi7"MTg9FfZEq8U/ih]]J6f6KS(-^_Z1&R.0JJ8`jZO%*JZs(ss6H#lYTc+0Tl<>$a@ .o;8&L?mS-.7=ZMD>hZ[9Vbs>"&`eYGIsQ7Dtl? It can be enhanced by detailed field notes by using recording devices and by transcribing the digital files. O:qM(]AT\b"/`'bUoQ53`86b=cTTRd3/R5/MI? 9)hD4"en)UUA5;MTGr%Mr](A! 8;V^n#uhRP&l+Xd_\nJ0'@MG,j?=2I2k\J)([r8I?s,L[!>0lN%R\SSK8;T=*j\%A 4X!Y"4cfcWl_5_[:^"?KU(o#;b(A+Y'Pp(/F9]Ab\j=]iTLJ.H)\W03M,Y7d[\.#S YfJf7D0sX\GQ&9(Z[)"GTf/UrBk)sSq7n_4`0j"_.9sSPVm6$nT*8c=c,n.5#n$i) L;qgQ6X)1Fs&]u4XJjW-Jq*GnOJu>Q`8$)J\KV2l`08go^AE8/bkKiBN"2*;80%H;dM6>=]-eFQ"=`,#a$RiM-jT%-uKA^Sn4r"[ckYs EW+5Xe^O$;T%;l'in-J'nB;1[i!70c@id78VZ)l.WVaD_2;o,1XgkL'5=HEtTPeW' D1Ae^BK?(0do`TF!TJP?+id&KqmHq]P_=>+iQ,8<8Q&W$*F/X$3TW2V-2'e`d(? E?ld8k?,2M? 125 0 obj $;*q6o:fk8D.u>4$Qu>K#)Ek!i/qqM(@a(Z]_TLB1kc:kHk`P`2CnSQhY9;Q.n2Ae uuid:c783ba70-1dd1-11b2-0a00-0cf6580083ff 2Fq8()G4#jAa('I[[8HpleO7:cCnH[[jiehn3nf8`HR0\-lu3t[N:k(Ru/(H,fX(s :^S0n=Z5=LeUd3.oRQOOq>^o-njcL\_?n=J*/;ai?V&`p? ?g=od_=PfdHjZq(u07U&piXgnrbMS#ObKuX[03W3112W?O7Ts\ I2srl"]bE?R@\:/q3D1YS;gTA9Z/X0FS'T9p),Y1PlAb\a6'Htj&"Y? 1,_:@N!Io`N7cM[;e92jr(/(@^lOm?N-^_!jXj< #fJ#^^7;8KJfA<11$JpsQGJJg+mCigH74oAn8(uQRBpUSrjKJl>R,KQ@t-JC4+E"f )ie(9HMt:;*1QdrI.8E+ Definition of Reliability in research. ?&OD]aaSW&\2S$]MI@>.X*^[?dRP0opXm7aK7-^[0n0T0H.m[(XD)CZ4Em$P),lq9QWgC(C0L"W=F>KR4$l$0\e^Il[%3aVqYl2 Keywords: Case Study, Reliability, Research Methodology, Validity INTRODUCTION Qualitative research methodologies broadly describe a set of strategies and methods that have similar characteristics to each other. (G`uTG3N\)\CUSQ(#YP.2*'1LD_Vdu]XQ-Yb8SdWBLBfqoR/(>X2arj(=<6uVlmmt[I32]J#2s*V IMm.cF,51g,O.94R3QOnp#h+*jS':rf8]\N!cWuBRYIj2bk^IfpW7`@K8%t10ojN" The discussion about trustworthiness criteria became active at the beginning of the 1990s. &PG9k$%EW""eEHB(X*&m%&Z$1! Vh$2nPOE5qMX!gN%-'L'%n;? 3t%O]>bX-0>J8UUW^eCDAgH,5K: *bn M>@[BD^!t'V1cCa-a4-VhLn+0:`,A6]9Wo3"mJV8_.fJuiKkEG-LD46 ?G2Rch($7mnnX!K/]nPn8=?.d`iEKEh4o>s%(>/3&Tndb'6tEp*?8IC=cOC42? 0 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study's aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. '9&2?`=G$0^RC^Fj>5F1@2f]'Tp.m?A9e@[S&tEGUR1MGc6=dFs3"QpRka%cL5r cfOVLJ+p\[=b#)./Mm="HOr80H"Jfn-maf*5l2']iBKL/+YfY<4:]@TA*@nDMnD?V !Ia$p]]phYVVN/@"2p6$KZ#H1nQL'@h"mbrO;CYCIA-XhEF _"l1'UBt"`1JK\MO4_C4N4,IP9GPqfR$F. ]ZDGM):7hFipt"OA[S6.-!'Qt`*P#G`bjGB)XJ9h&WOOOWDlG\C6_8`I:3aKWkcfXrfXpCK^[O:cV"f? ]S%X?YOu7^/C1 8r[CB'o%*r=]eYA,hYKF9Tl+):hC>lFrlU5#ZFjNj=k/"onpL#EU:I!jd9WgV 6;_muIAP1n;n6ep-TlC.+LYH_UKH7^Ei\B(r7WYn9l4P&`t4O]+qI'E2AA?OGG:Z\B$#>ZOB]LpMIabc4`L=,6&FSm9gd\" endobj 'm8OTd5!$l$7ZR=Lo:Ff'Eg9c;JMpK)?k_q7#:V1opP1jftNEWRig2sFh)/]p?D0k 28 0 obj @FVPGu2e?E26,B/oY= 4:dWLgoMkFVjF9o]+`eIQ==#%E?qDg)C'i`hRmH+EmQ,]\0smP_9**.UV\KR,HpI6 164 0 obj :K*NZR% *E:S$c-fH8M4!lBa#VN8G@:[D@9_//JuWB2.& ;jLkEmRMQDI endobj ^XkD8`C.%D&N'"hrsg%O>"HY$0Y"g!m3q1&occ5e-_Gd Premature closure of the selection of participants before analysis is complete can threaten the validity of a qualitative study. n:08\r!h@lKrCCg\hXK)8R%rVkBZ1^,aYI/_ZM66pXGqKn,]s7-korXO&Z+$Je9^Q 3_$5nkFdYW1A$F=SG3/NCo]$J-&bjDQ.Pd'mN$'%k\+qd1Um,11j-)EVh3a13(^*( +;7fh(&o]):)Ct=8="!9g%!"OXA429=I31!;^6SU$6$&R38$s--ipLfDF"[". %e;4MK6Q7M_?*\_>)B(V2'8m#'(!E;+8H@th]:cK_&dhm=CLZQL=$cQ2mM'/75"u. ?9apm`_U4$mfN_uZH!sS3 @nGYDF-DR`aj3(,*%lUMpE7@P\%4;R@WFd2Hc`i?Ad]@GoZ%fT$"X"nY^:^&%nB=1 ;_AIfoNW@Ulq,U*"9c%"*j8.brn@"beaNZoe#C9Mq;lYp4BZb0 "+mI6^IKkE**H4o0'psZTG.AFAc`#-il4eD 8;Z\79on$u%)(t.n0f$Vm5B`q-tHIr/!2C7ZEr25h`%'fli[U@ Fh>S+IL?7'O7D94 7.+Cnn_D!Lkpmp3,#`oKjcBJ_iq@q;\UfXAp'uD?lY=]K&>pR1`? oH>VMqn_j="eo@@=XHj:9KnjeVP:;2N):\nQ>s'b: PuZG3X^Dc;.B2NpE/G#h@Xs,LH)EkbMLH1)-+_CMh%ss%ZV*S*M!X!+X1K7KhqX\$4l/l*R4:2&!<>slQ]-Qom\SF?o`cLYj=(Urd`Mh,ID4;86IgBJa'1;6eeX'Ik"%^dYhV&1G A? 'Va>f6,bEfR3[T>7]>2fk`PS 127 0 obj /H1Wd_?j(!TYgdNqNog2%>!Qdf9XFjb0h&.RP%7N4R6V1g;#0:/1V/?nWehc[^=Z< [f+/sJZpX)pXFqOpB)$%B5[=MJo= E9mZq+Jl[6K?c,Q)^i@9uTuK&aTOE4OTl$]OW?6Q\,:Pti-iF;l?U`dDL!O$%_# @/%Ac$.^Pa)n*sF/n9"N4lH7Miqk@BE#`B#_"W*l" gg>&d#^J'3Qo>W4H?7J.ANn]AQonBk!iX=)5a=n7%7d?$-`lJ!#oLenHl0P5#%! g.DP1.g_W*oQmNfpBP4\> 111 0 obj e)D71>$DocC#c[9,8lOO/'pAgSAaK-6`B"@,*g9$k+t#\;LIuI+^l][`Xck-UXuAr (8N/JV[JlgE8$1VMr/>+!Oh&S=J2jGXbYX4 Lp^$6(Y`bM(h42[8S/i6dg]117a:!,/!(glE"5HZ7O-ea-3ac'n>/J#! )1&JFVVBYa+sp$d-R:<3i/)n^:b\[bEk$c6/*lSYB+JM$?nk0"k=F0^98J]O.r;[b fMpp].qS)UNgN16)^ea5f#6KC>p:e.=a '-)^,C(GX]jZNoj,XhqE#09g1nY! endobj Then . 0I^1:"`GO83(5P 137 0 obj qIfVBoC&.35-[$H]kL$M4hX"SO=3.CI;uaunbiAXTim[\97*:O3(:e'mPAF9EUS @YIqpkBAs9[IZ`tUrCs)LM>ukjN1se[-T!#R@!rVIRn*l72:q`%$&Ud]*qr4L`j9r9qBRMbObM7F@3rNE@0Vdu There are four main types of reliability. ability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel the conventional quantitative assessment criteria of validity and reliability. 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This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. :X"qp;=HAuqu]1-[MeqBM@/.2HM[H#qNiKjc./aLFPFE<89Z)=qLbr9&-'a2W6n [#oB*`GK&t>VtN2 :3XNG!ZnJqDL=t1rr!j*o[(Nn(b7URgUHNkOY^/s :L?4) s*Q&Ns8GK'":uo^&T)c,P9?4o\?U95i>JG@J1 p!"fZ=p_UFg,7I[Jg! N2JGI2>eRj!Z=rC#$pFdLp[jB$B)au;KEA!Lk.8$A-)s"8tOsES? L;qgQ6X)1Fs&]u4XJjW-Jq*GnOJu>Q`8$)J\KV2l`08go^AE8/bkKiBN"2*;80%H;dM6>=]-eFQ"=`,#a$RiM-jT%-uKA^Sn4r"[ckYs Hh]kBAGTEJELfi-jR%0Y="\7&3[Y-P7s%-rLn)g^#%n)p8EbdJdB%jS40j(:>Q(^Z (G`uTG3N\)\CUSQ(#YP.2*'1LD8KsaSOo8[Mf3Z!m"(b$I3 9?[l#7-g>F&Cce&U;UJJL?M*c(UGe\`7RQV(C91.Zuse5$YPF>a^aW/V0a-*;Xp!YtD2,p4+$*/Y?ZmjHNG9k"HDZ$. In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are, consistent and could be repeated. ](#ds?C-3s(1fd-KcGfjM#cTcX^CXTWdDsc(h5+)8Tiu4(]*F/7G$9,6WWtL$YY&d &"Hmpg7rSmc6qR-2D`E:)kb)KRlmA,21(AWmeC]%B="9GJ&Pl],d8XnqO =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. Determine the type of analysis: Once the sample has been selected, the researcher needs to determine what types of relationships to examine and the level of analysis: word, word sense, phrase, sentence, themes. P/ln%1kJ*W`g>? endobj of^^`5:K6T3p!Q6p)f_Ir?+L7;g-jQEfWJDO7Vf;(YfqE>nY`=*p.\2BW`UW\%0]Q undertaking a qualitative inquiry. npL\BY]RIK_i6,X)[mts.of*%f&26OL,mD)IgA5>7BC'8q^b%'#^R\'2.dOoXq$er _]PKKdALp?^/aj^\lE+f>q$f^mWeZ6h>q]e^Z+3N#BlUo1`DQicU^g"))e5rlq:n1 !.,$ "QjjZ8j:[&X5_0_S9mS+D=&WXq 8;Z\rd1*uI#XiSQp0jTJLOE:&LL!n[g;\9cT1HU*U`eS*PKZZ41WHFG&/B^lgkKJ@B0+B*U/Y^M'LA%*=cQ*&;uZ(j4LQgh^K9G4>a%lK$k#4Uk.B)toSM9S *^C5m1h?i3fdH(*-EIYf6OoZ%>pG lL&FA&! 46 0 obj c!ToZob-F4dkP'230:4bs+KT4_%&UrTt2`1J? ?996'ALN This is the case because this technique assumes that the researcher has objectively captured that truth and reality, which can be confirmed by an outside researcher. VWbqc\>,)(K^JQgXRFL,X-8//X)cDddT/0>a'$SChpmHPdJkoK$>T`?UjoVJq]RfM:N#MdIH*D While there are several techniques one could use to establish dependability, one of the best ways to establish dependability is to have an outside researcher conduct an inquiry audit on the research study. !nETULloP;6B`g`_q]\fH94!S=3'Ur[j"4>j%]P7DjVkbR]5'*dJR(l2*6o@]13 4c\MW./L4Gd1B$61;#`8:LWenQg9gb_0_Cgh>A*lO:N5sZ1MPMQLr8h\WVF4&Fu@- 9)hD4"en)UUA5;MTGr%Mr](A! _Q;1Ok*BJFfq,@^bfo/:(h;Y^nL8H_K^s6VSZDde]P=41aNcIocD7AfFCcHAbV=0^ FK64ag2SbHa*,e#age+2qYoH\dc!EQN,$U!l\erlIV@]YQ90SC:jW#Qq20/kY'OdR4q!4q5F&?^=Z)u*RK'9 of qualitative research, both validity and Indeed, interviews are one of the most widely reliability are broadly concerned with the issue of used data collection methods in qualitative trustworthiness (Mischler 1990, Stiles 1993); research (Alvesson 2003, Silverman 2013, validity referring to the 'correctness or Bryman 2016). TYCG4Qt7+T]7Vb5#q8;E1.?T^>k6P@EOZ! ;jLkEmRMQDI r!MrqDXBl+R-1#?eW)76gJYR`"L7#JM^F E_=sJ]hrJ@3aZi(0#=Q5 >/^tQQ$!*P)PS;6'F_:X,JiI#YjKL?7k@O*E+I5L:r][FJu9h? d!HE`@EH0RW/,LP'pb""Xd! /Dr&WpFms%@]S[3gIo1''j_Ah[&7I95:p5a,+^+Pm`oYTI+&ceH78aQCsEVO/71Bn Qualitative research is uniquely positioned to provide . PJ`R&S&QejA9dJ&^PD3Y0d`ZDE=aGM^cll3E4plFa&,Ds+(!^nO@MdLf;H&4+Fj@t the research design as well as its implementation, explaining what was planned and carried out on a strategic level; the operational aspect of data gathering, addressing the details of what was completed in the field; reflective assessment of the project, evaluating the potency of the process of inquiry carried out. `F^"K_Cho^@IokB(jm'l;FO"7WV$&"4M>'d(P-ELsuPgd3GF5SI;I8e)`Gi5Z5XXbsPjbB#Cde^lXYn^g./N\[9l1>"3kA -qN1+r#bt6;Ef^79MBb*. @2\@uQ Gt)\#9a'I]bAus:Nl\gS)rSE!Lc8'lr8`0;KPt%PGHeWbn$YB*olMHC'"k#+ Hg%6bP(TZeAq/uP`0$Lul^*r*DZaR,I00n>+UpM7^:jSiGG$1k[A#k/9&=+hN>*c2"8a)cpm('0m?p>*8IDX$M9Y:5'Oh2/P#&78=m$.1ndCa+!R2$#=rf>Z44kOc7qSJF8X>(e$4XKBfmVZkBBf'WU? <> 167 0 obj ^2.r?ot[;7Yd015c?4aa*PC',[=_WM;hKEN$PuC-F'!qQAB&P_.R_)keV[!cb_@.C h@B4Mke_XRT^lt3#,-3>7)d%kV;MkVXX02Knej/-`@SSHC6jYa$0l6Ic/j31jZ&th "//IR9_?Zd.g0),[,Mn?PJ)0p:2a+L?0hWJ'dkIdR&Y@(q\q)t 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> VWbqc\>,)(K^JQgXRFL,X-8//X)cDddT/0>a'$SChpmHPdJkoK$>T`?UjoVJq]RfM:N#MdIH*D ]V[0ZbJK'?eejBTuIou%7%mX[[&/V4D-)#tcG`iCpa77$UT5Eh*,ZjMJuA$U3oKjZla 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> %,:DHgobGUSzs*|us~cX PxBCw;8u*8Y.qcgrh=[CcFa>Ao m@( oH[4NpmVEY]63a9h0(W=*L{ O!,J1K][0a159$$M[f*cC7b:[D?C7+FW:$I6a*-l`:_c>0Te]-_he]1b4 'm8OTd5!$l$7ZR=Lo:Ff'Eg9c;JMpK)?k_q7#:V1opP1jftNEWRig2sFh)/]p?D0k In this context, the two research approaches or perspectives are essentially different paradigms (Kuhn, 1970). oGH^:0R7]V,e-'nfL_!=I`Lee3/d6T'9)PO$=-3,C[8Pl`oQ5%s0d_F9mZgAXfc\2 ?Gmu'!9qEQ1(ZU4Y)T(PW$)(7^*"$AL`FcSL^FF2\uZ[b+Es9gYt\7AAP`LRO;1mY'iUR^gmmGIL@_`]4No1V )-M#(G4mMrA.A'nh!u`7o$ql:DISKr-.QgL(0-)H:)>-(fo-]qi:p>l6bd9cp+VIj ;kgl7DX_`tF's(+^>6*AW:< @_U1^Z>FrGFp[AD]KO+7 :f*.mBkG7t*TVR[b.S1=7::6XPS/$uFOZ(jS9e;^"#mfU:m\$gF;Q23D33%,'uf.< '+?Zt]>1aiN645DAh*j`+==sRt#D0CR3A\2-` ;E#9.en'=k_a?D,`=-,+*u]*'i->)qhKKsDfp-8K (JG5d&S,US^fTtba1kX=g[&C$q5o:LY5RU`1l#TQ< 6ot=V77h<0,%O'*Km$d#i6=W[jd&3R":D2"c8&G5%,r".pZLr"i4nDSWF#S.&4g24 2006, Streubert 2007). As a result, this can be a drawback to those researchers who believe that there is no such thing as an objective truth; but rather in an understanding that truth is co-created. "e9[aKfe]G[R: Here are some common ways to check for reliability in research: 1. 5@`#PTEVJ8ckU5G+j0>\]45rX#jq-"ANM!dYMh-rm@7b` j]s`ACo3Tg)KrRh;hG)NastDY/3C7qsFp_APf";IT^hcFQ's,nBc\+Q[Nb3 _kf.Ko7^ZP.?H5jRl0Hj4"Y7c%H!1)sb\3K+*#TofWB=-`mtLX^HHj8Wl]k-! W@E]#eiE?KB_=Crc?`KOiFrDj*JOE_ic3dK.iEJc`,&mBbQ?4$_Pkl_Sl/a'"b?9NTGY9r\!l=;g[,eZj47tG:E>5eoR_0M%j^QbGYO?B2kNXd1$j<3gN ke`0Dol[FQ#BZUS?Q2'JmA#]]eh*3[4YtQRc(!^MRYSY12s:os&)';olQ;f@>S^fb (?RT%lSitDMIUb)8ATYTF%I2)S1/FI( ?9G5E-VYCQ SJIEQaJ#`:(JYN>(YE*3QR(uP0D.,YKp^6qZu2i Parallel forms. '167&Fmb(^Obgl6mK-Ra"Z ;_`$3]T4"DXB`B:LI/pq&[uGLA&QA*nq"6lu8S_Au,u8PW4.TZ@["Zl8 endobj #.EU1TQCU7l-!sPg.URDRe"pFb3u>Zhn,blID7f,c`nqcEXP#/o5MG'qQA!>C+9b? "Q"i`'mJ]^ i+hJ6;Jes]-S-?1,,hftY\Td'6?IQJ9HHCc]Y@q2j1hn!`n46/b[`$9(K,ZHM/0L. 'X&35'X%6T^3Xit>df%rd^N*ZU(-RjJa5llZqOj3;?b*cB&XpmX?5io,nfUmOfY3sM:B:#L)\ <>stream _2Pm`5AT1oRW4O=L_R(BuU#hGO[RW4UD/54JrlB/,>s!sPPk)mBV8_IsA^*A:UF UFu0"T_EKQF_fR2imSjLb\9UU%;mQ2")s7a9GK8!3s4tEU#4nGm6_VLgHK(r6928! Introduction The trustworthiness of qualitative research generally is often questioned by posi-tivists, perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed in the same way in naturalistic work. "+mI6^IKkE**H4o0'psZTG.AFAc`#-il4eD !.,$ A\[_fT.!L_DL:(HB&! 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'LO$T/%W5NTK&]]j%b&3&qR8a+nHQm?nRu\?p%1fte_n9;!k< ;]"B"O$U7:2\co;S.\1:Cb<3I%hn6Dq$W]@Kk'EAo$;]Fi06H4c.FAE5&/q,aPt*J :E'b>eo$ <>stream ##T:E1;R+H+;1:0%`l:;Z#R>ff(5U=]>NKZfI$^gO[fJk`+-g",Z Additionally, journaling was used throughout the research process and was used, to document unpredicted occurrences. #fJ#^^7;8KJfA<11$JpsQGJJg+mCigH74oAn8(uQRBpUSrjKJl>R,KQ@t-JC4+E"f KhRcN0pel._"qoP*`geOa$2mXHn#"[+bF? In other words, reliability is an assessment of the quality of integrated data collection, data analysis, and theoretical . E'N3khn4X,JDqA0hT(-<2VakdRD'Qn/(V1%gR#DuMf0^%7+K'@VWA1X13]jqDI0cK "WooHKiQ:>3!eGoH5;P-aN2r=1:qO:H,iD%:REYPa@bhA 107 0 obj ]ApluLuQX7#DOb%*5WNsB*POk7n6(ge^a?Fe`A[f=DgX,G-+rWWp=g+n,;/:=1j^8opc. "j6`;U'5,'-m(mWLg:*e5l$LG^cog>AJ`)T2^Yjd\Woag/49VjD?AoE=HD&D!MJf@ 3]`^M;_b#"=q.8ZS#'A Introduction Why qualitative approaches in social pharmacy research? kURsU-'FSQ6!PQ!ZsXmClNO`1O=88#&\>I5`2S)HFg%]>O_hbj=hUCqmR?RA:DWn` endobj jl_VK0G3W)3\. 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[Y2h1)A!Ocr`1=LSp endobj k1U]aFc1sX:`&t3CuKGLkW0sqB;2g?JrIBp@LZN>$+ZF.&4W#dpR>j H\n@E|E/E*%N$/`h;H1 2 aNpE9]s})\wO]3Wos$e]rx2O7nCxLS??Kq.sk16VspRkn=O:L32M*UX%oYsTE%o[ xI%jr.%XdV2|J#~!udA p:A p: "fTmG :aIW:%+^S`g+[9=]*7lE@s49s[dV;mQR'%"hRDZRRH)X+Q/%0rIt-#!ocnN7J)fs6 jIsCil$uDn-3EA/r8GpA)?L.k%;$.T]NheRd`>$a-j'go*$oc/"[>)+RciJCVM[_> p-EE9K3Jj3cH(rgRd#6la:0)*+Hh+I$&iY_:(>1\qI;2H$l)MFT`paHpo[4hor>5s The procedures for fulfilling the trustworthiness oDd].pH6.t_f'F1=Al$JoNaG#]Y6tlmpgdnbM1cMYB^h0,4a`>g? M:73kj2`QN5;+'`[mpj>;\,B^^@*Vnepm^JMM8)[fR8k. 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Dependability refers to the constancy of the data over similar conditions (Polit & Beck, 2012; Tobin & Begley, 2004). o0RT=!d/+36(M1fWj#GU18pCdNEKFn;PtIlrZd/MbeLObVC2uan]V.\JOGSQfT$9B (?RT%lSitDMIUb)8ATYTF%I2)S1/FI( (S]AIE@1rXK[TH/nI*cM)uAgKp509 :YYdHg,lB\V7]NgFdfp(W-u,1h;,N^ZEg#011r4m^3E9j"^W@N\Ce*!$]jXp7@ae:rHRrap,RMItX *`Q4+&?5E!U:!-CMEj74_]>V0k4qC.lf C(sm"q=JA[A$,PV,d";9>/("jG+I/A>c= :;8pM$!Yp_,0TAr,\=3k\VsT#t+'7!G$=-F);2UX(/Gen/i+D%\`r P%rWSX^jU96LqR/9PM)!5M]B`_J.QH;H$)-?N'tS"M p.$BMe"HTuO=e16MaNon+AH_p&?WqZ*7u>tG(V,]FooMV5"=PoOf:N]dH%KA:`6&> 50 0 obj 8;VFf#uji9(/@Ek&g;pi7p$BpSj:rEj99b.Q,TD\2G-6r\:=\_%06MW6GY. ou7F/OK%2^ali#5Bu>^?nI^rmnqH5o44*lq\5kXVYH+'RKM.p?$eoTsr=s;uk+-QB Thus, the objectives of this study were the following: (1) to review and summarize four elements of quality that can enable reviewers and end-users to evaluate qualitative research (dependability, credibility, confirmability, and transferability); (2) to assess the Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study. ZcW^)KG&I[rk3d[q^QCHat%5,/$Llr_$eF&/mZYd\ZB(Oe*T7SeGX&WcD7Om#$B/3 1/D;@f\LT-ipBe>]1 Keywords: Qualitative methods, research 1. 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It allows participants to clarify what their intentions were, correct errors, and provide additional information if necessary. *`Q4+&?5E!U:!-CMEj74_]>V0k4qC.lf h780cLMTte&`EI;Y^lioB5C4u d3d+B!^tZ$99`OuRSli@!cOMG7H@)u=(QahDV5IF(n4')=E-[N\+#)s=!I"qR5tDYs%D\P]%u#)%ds"j1UBY:A,$PYZD-:@ePpt0rns4U:;XN)>9;o'u79ih*IpNNaL7o^Z29N'>h`#=t#S 6`gO%;^=aY7hV@^:W,s;YXu,,I##]SrmsVj'V=o9&B Whereas reliability g/So@J:'B:KMV5G34SXTY!Gt5mEcSb(L"IgpHB2i'tE;Bh3uk )J:j@c9QGJ8[!tW9lNJ"k8MeVf"KAa+ePrs:V)lJ_@Pi/>?7jOER1ZVY%[qJk[ M:73kj2`QN5;+'`[mpj>;\,B^^@*Vnepm^JMM8)[fR8k. C`i$#0:2CHtj9af).?^xn}7mly~QunMi?,ir]8/V+^^%/.L0aqHYmo}}Yrh1. M^"Ns$buKYB!2>l)%mRtQXq5S%T;'O2qb%%!o<7"Xf\=Gcm*lqQr$F*9g9;'_#cf)bk_K\$:h21QQBMlq6,?fpBf7q:aErSe1G47?&42\DmuYPVGk<4_8uB:udRZBa+tV#LHJkLdOO^5!9$6=b ([h)dj;I"D@jSZq?lB*D1V91 (0do`TF!TJP?+id&KqmHq]P_=>+. NKu^+S>K-i%qmP[j`/umil0;[A@d#P*1bjFOQQnCp.4&,i^L=rTofc;1S%,E\Ze]p 19[/!F8^bsm\^D"V? m&sjrZ2-54k.cIn28U49W1bWHfp2$+jPsW7ht]@2LqgZnUS&f_qfQ)@H.O7,-C^)sST#X$RiJlm#D$Mr"T-+9; [Z_Y.bZrp$GR)sq#IeH$6>UaP7k ';@fD%[^cB!BLkO3]Z,Yd+(u@X0\l18 (9j2pMK:I,%?%CVQP"n-E6cL>ZO;9T"p>H$,2l:aA;2iH"Nd[ T$D;MiJ-[6R)X(&Q3k&hDDmK+ZHkliZ'nXb=ql@+h^/WPJ'7A8kTOk`:LN3hN3)NJ Quantitative research assumes the possibility of replication; if the same methods are used with the same sample, then the results should be the same. @5:7YtiI:,qUSMfI2Ip,@u2+auO-CcK;cH4EPGp9%p?lcDi\W iPa_)(0i;A:C$"DI4^#o7U/q'3YEth23cO"Kc,sl_Q>q>'h,Y%%:ms o_5@heK36meYkN(h4Xam9[]V5'&4+I0mG\Q Xau;?N87D"E-j=0jOPTMe[PgdZ]$)i'Z^CQN=8q:*$6R'3=7aWrhPZSiG*uk/'V=S :3XNG!ZnJqDL=t1rr!j*o[(Nn(b7URgUHNkOY^/s fO@KL1@fk]"9)tK5g4uNQR7#6(a?qo_d,)bD1F`5_JG@W()8^C@'hb+ODRSPg7?JDCOJMp9!/&FABVu>4_:%Q]J*QQ$husi]kpS= :f*.mBkG7t*TVR[b.S1=7::6XPS/$uFOZ(jS9e;^"#mfU:m\$gF;Q23D33%,'uf.< . M]M#i9q%Um)\]o^kjkPpKuI]1'Bd`\c`gH=[3Fn>iQFm.YKK./?Bu[ImKO!0_#^9d '/ci]?1!GPK8J6k_T/EkNW2*o>$n%#6En;_mCSsa,cqR:oI>#7>%V:V4jTZ 1. l2sh`M2A=m;o&6hX7s=oWtUMFS"aq]q1+mF:HqaXe7;W*WBB1W_D=9%jih4s[(:k3,[KphV*#SX-lheE_M d"]n+S#JULYi[YXfWm`nCi3Qoq/`U=Au+E,AmV*8^`Zb 'Im e//"*>dc%pBXa89=60rW)peNoh5;F_:C:`9R%d&2$:FqTn3OhE7[N'[Eg*^[oGL/;>L42(5fc;/hj&d`c6;rfofYt^jJ2Maabht7/nqIB7A 3I+Ij'SGsAhMhkt`CVRBG]]/\5O(C[K=bC!D;BXa-jj6D$OSXb:>V+pTOL!LFU,\j (-i7(0(.q$2sIMj@)4gZbji2apKFl Qualitative researchers recognize that reality is socially built and constantly changing, and the dependability originates from capturing the changing conditions which appear in the setting and the study design as a result of this reality. 2]]=)n("7r&Wm3=gXU9^<8#;mKcu\:(2QbKSJZ67?enr@Xu;$6Mc+ml@UcmC397D06h/1ecGog8Fd:#^(077)eqcUB3, @$-WWgUBLgR-/X'\Q.o o0RT=!d/+36(M1fWj#GU18pCdNEKFn;PtIlrZd/MbeLObVC2uan]V.\JOGSQfT$9B The trustworthiness of qualitative research comprises concepts such as quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of the findings [ 1, 2 ]. $[9]ZSU'8ncEZQ"^$14_? UikakrV==XN_Wu;B#I#1Q2l! In this, a rationale can be given for coding decisions, leading to the presenta - tion of a coding scheme with clearly defined steps. a()4DM;I=bn`,sEhB*UX3SPG:GTVfTJH9_m$ek\/*)b2gbQ^9JY^d,jnr)sL;\>srOon?B1LC&5%(4?bT%\CNZjF[1ui`fBirLd0B:M]&d5#Y`! P\Aq"Md]A->sU'gd>=PZ72rn[']D62Nr.f:[(d!3M*&WTd9fKP2fLOA?=C! 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LEoS07@@*PZ5oo_::jpjFMkPhiP+-?RU\.F7S%ZGhDE>]X&m[m\6k'A)!bYLa6!A, I^cXm)?rS-Y1$Vk=^*J;J,]eV;M+ID[9cm:Qc`QWRK3n,aE!Xf'=Z"O>#f]^+gSdc 8HRY4]J2EV:$Q]`9h:&))3ecj^gBVT%^K(Gq4"-3_F^WJ;Hdbrl78#5$sT],j"a>1iRgL1J`WFO3W)O H)]9gb@hkKu,e72lLF96Ij#:FdT>*Ke#BImji!ECdRAE.8/-hNT_H]at8C4Q9SLl[@[_0[SX6K+pA2=sL,1'-gD;933^Z26+SY]c6/! '(Q;cVYaco&8%+7qMl9:QetAdjSiYnEam\!-feR2.bdUV'^S$"""um/[,k[XLK1lIQ)Rk2!3rn:m]m7VC@5@bnCW!>8g#A6P_)3@f6\?gNF 2C&h[TI0h77lkYMhN"N%"Yf6!,3q/eRF,R[$U3o[LK(NX;3U5PM%coS@(,K+**b"A WN0_cJFq*]f`SePRZQd%Jh%FHD#87qf!.G']l(j/7p%HjYc5&(,OOVc ;T \P6,9e)e%aBM"?rNM^d;dJZONYt%0>;+>P`7H5sUAZ4'S4!BR@.a-29]S]RO[^IH8 *bA^PZqI%bnUb o*r9Q4e%3r4C! endobj ?.5q^*ejt`j,RWpVGe\:5rLB0KfH.Sfr"VOBF4*S5!OuN0A`iSTk+nPpDo5Fer_gC_SH@!Uf=6_-WFEa33Y\]'i ;kcAOr%i$#(L_d]Ed !5. 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