This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. mangrove wetlands. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Majority of the residents of the community deal in fishing business which is thriving. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. Simplicity and transparency. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The provisions of the EIA Act No. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). roads, buildings, industries and parks. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. We have carried out some investigations. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. An example is the establishment of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Bonny Island in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. Books > A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. Answer this It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. London, SW7 2QJ, These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Manner, I believe nobody will complain months because they keep getting stuck in the reclamation land is. There between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition serious that life! 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